Zaka khumi zapitazo, mafoni a m'manja nthawi zambiri ankagwira ntchito zochepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu anayi a GSM frequency, ndipo mwina WCDMA kapena CDMA2000 zochepa. Pokhala ndi magulu ochepa oti musankhepo, kusiyanasiyana kwapadziko lonse lapansi kwatheka ndi mafoni a "quad-band" GSM, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito 850/900/1800/1900 MHz mabandi ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kulikonse padziko lapansi (chabwino, kwambiri).
Izi ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kwa apaulendo ndipo zimapanga chuma chambiri kwa opanga zida, omwe amangofunika kumasula zitsanzo zochepa (kapena mwina imodzi) pamsika wapadziko lonse lapansi. Posachedwa mpaka lero, GSM ikadali ukadaulo wokhawo wopanda zingwe womwe umapereka kuyendayenda padziko lonse lapansi. Mwa njira, ngati simunadziwe, GSM imachotsedwa pang'onopang'ono.
Foni yamakono iliyonse yomwe ili yoyenera dzinali iyenera kuthandizira 4G, 3G ndi 2G mwayi wosiyanasiyana wa mawonekedwe a RF malinga ndi bandwidth, mphamvu yotumizira, kukhudzidwa kwa wolandila ndi zina zambiri.
Kuonjezera apo, chifukwa cha kupezeka kwagawanika kwa dziko lonse lapansi, miyezo ya 4G imaphimba chiwerengero chachikulu cha maulendo afupipafupi, kotero ogwiritsira ntchito amatha kuzigwiritsa ntchito pazigawo zilizonse zomwe zilipo m'dera lililonse - panopa magulu a 50 onse, monga momwe zilili ndi miyezo ya LTE1. "Foni yapadziko lonse" yowona iyenera kugwira ntchito m'malo onsewa.
Vuto lalikulu lomwe wailesi iliyonse yam'manja iyenera kuthetsa ndi "duplex communication". Tikamalankhula timamvetsera nthawi yomweyo. Mawayilesi akale ankagwiritsa ntchito kukankha-to-kulankhula (ena amaterobe), koma tikamalankhula pafoni, timayembekezera kuti winayo atisokoneza. Zida zam'manja za m'badwo woyamba (analogi) zidagwiritsa ntchito "zosefera za duplex" (kapena ma duplexers) kuti alandire ulalo wotsikirako popanda "kudabwa" potumiza uplink pafupipafupi mosiyanasiyana.
Kupanga zosefera izi kukhala zazing'ono komanso zotsika mtengo kunali vuto lalikulu kwa opanga mafoni oyambirira. Pamene GSM idayambitsidwa, protocol idapangidwa kuti ma transceivers azigwira ntchito mu "half duplex mode".
Imeneyi inali njira yochenjera kwambiri yothetsera ma duplexers, ndipo chinali chinthu chachikulu chothandizira GSM kukhala teknoloji yotsika mtengo, yodziwika bwino yomwe imatha kulamulira makampani (ndi kusintha momwe anthu amalankhulirana).
Foni Yofunika kwambiri yochokera kwa Andy Rubin, yemwe anayambitsa makina ogwiritsira ntchito a Android, ali ndi zolumikizira zaposachedwa kuphatikiza Bluetooth 5.0LE, GSM/LTE zosiyanasiyana ndi mlongoti wa Wi-Fi wobisika mu chimango cha titaniyamu.
Tsoka ilo, zomwe taphunzira pakuthana ndi zovuta zaukadaulo zidayiwalika mwachangu munkhondo zaukadaulo zandale zamasiku oyambilira a 3G, ndipo mawonekedwe odziwika kwambiri a frequency division duplexing (FDD) amafuna duplexer pagulu lililonse la FDD lomwe limagwira ntchito. Palibe kukayika kuti kuchuluka kwa LTE kumabwera ndi kukwera kwamitengo.
Ngakhale magulu ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito Time Division Duplex, kapena TDD (pomwe wailesi imasinthira mwachangu pakati pa kutumiza ndi kulandira), ochepa mwa maguluwa alipo. Ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri (kupatula makamaka aku Asia) amakonda mitundu ya FDD, yomwe ilipo yopitilira 30.
Cholowa cha TDD ndi FDD sipekitiramu, kuvutika kwa kumasula magulu enieni apadziko lonse, ndi kubwera kwa 5G ndi magulu ambiri kumapangitsa kuti vuto la duplex likhale lovuta kwambiri. Njira zolonjezedwa zomwe zikufufuzidwa zikuphatikizapo mapangidwe atsopano opangidwa ndi fyuluta ndikutha kuthetsa kudzisokoneza.
Chotsatiracho chimabweretsanso mwayi wodalirika wa "fragmentless" duplex (kapena "in-band full duplex"). M'tsogolomu za 5G zoyankhulana zam'manja, sitingaganizire FDD ndi TDD zokha, komanso duplex yosinthika kutengera matekinoloje atsopanowa.
Ofufuza pa yunivesite ya Aalborg ku Denmark apanga kamangidwe ka "Smart Antenna Front End" (SAFE)2-3 komwe kumagwiritsa ntchito (onani chithunzi patsamba 18) tinyanga topatsirana ndi kulandirira ndikuphatikiza tinyangazi ndi (zochepa kwambiri) kuphatikiza ndi makonda. kusefa kuti mukwaniritse kufalikira komwe mukufuna ndikudzipatula.
Ngakhale kuti ntchitoyi ndi yochititsa chidwi, kufunikira kwa tinyanga ziwiri ndizovuta kwambiri. Mafoni akamacheperachepera komanso kuchepera, malo omwe tinyanga timapanga timachepa.
Zipangizo zam'manja zimafunikanso tinyanga zingapo za spatial multiplexing (MIMO). Mafoni am'manja okhala ndi zomanga za SAFE ndi thandizo la 2 × 2 MIMO amafunikira tinyanga zinayi zokha. Kuphatikiza apo, masanjidwe osiyanasiyana a zosefera izi ndi tinyanga ndizochepa.
Chifukwa chake mafoni apadziko lonse lapansi adzafunikanso kufananiza kamangidwe ka mawonekedwewa kuti aphimbe magulu onse a LTE (450 MHz mpaka 3600 MHz), zomwe zidzafunika tinyanga zambiri, zochunira za mlongoti ndi zosefera zambiri, zomwe zimatibweretsanso ku mafunso omwe amafunsidwa pafupipafupi ntchito yamagulu ambiri chifukwa cha kubwereza kwa zigawo.
Ngakhale tinyanga zambiri zitha kuyikidwa pa piritsi kapena laputopu, kupita patsogolo kwina pakusintha mwamakonda ndi/kapena kusintha pang'ono kumafunika kuti ukadaulo uwu ukhale woyenera mafoni.
Duplex yoyendera magetsi yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira masiku oyambilira a telephony17. Mu dongosolo la telefoni, maikolofoni ndi khutu la m'makutu ziyenera kulumikizidwa ndi mzere wa telefoni, koma zolekanitsidwa kwa wina ndi mzake kuti mawu a wogwiritsa ntchitoyo asagonjetse chizindikiro chofooka cholowa. Izi zidakwaniritsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma hybrid transformer asanafike mafoni apakompyuta.
Dera la duplex lomwe likuwonetsedwa mu chithunzi pansipa limagwiritsa ntchito chotsutsa cha mtengo womwewo kuti ufanane ndi kutsekeka kwa mzere wotumizira kuti pompopompo kuchokera ku maikolofoni igawike pamene ikulowa mu thiransifoma ndikuyenda mosiyanasiyana kudzera pa koyilo yoyamba. Kuthamanga kwa maginito kumathetsedwa bwino ndipo palibe chapano chomwe chimapangitsidwa mu koyilo yachiwiri, kotero koyilo yachiwiri imasiyanitsidwa ndi maikolofoni.
Komabe, chizindikiro chochokera ku maikolofoni chimapitabe ku mzere wa foni (ngakhale ndi kutaya kwina), ndipo chizindikiro chomwe chikubwera pa foni yamakono chimapitabe kwa wokamba nkhani (komanso ndi kutayika kwina), kulola kulankhulana kwa njira ziwiri pa mzere wa foni womwewo. . . Waya wachitsulo.
Duplexer yolinganiza pawayilesi ndi yofanana ndi duplexer ya foni, koma m'malo mwa maikolofoni, foni yam'manja, ndi waya wafoni, cholumikizira, cholandirira, ndi mlongoti amagwiritsidwa ntchito, motsatana, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi B.
Njira yachitatu yopatulira chotumizira kuchokera kwa wolandila ndikuchotsa kudziletsa (SI), potero kuchotsa chizindikiro chotumizidwa kuchokera ku siginecha yomwe walandira. Njira za Jamming zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu radar ndi kuwulutsa kwazaka zambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, Plessy adapanga ndikugulitsa mankhwala opangidwa ndi chipukuta misozi a SI otchedwa "Groundsat" kuti awonjezere maukonde ankhondo a analogi a FM4-5.
Dongosololi limagwira ntchito ngati chobwerezabwereza chanjira imodzi, kukulitsa mawailesi a theka-duplex omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudera lonselo.
Pakhala chidwi chaposachedwa pakudziletsa kudziletsa, makamaka chifukwa cha njira yolumikizirana yaifupi (ma cellular ndi Wi-Fi), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti vuto la kuponderezana kwa SI likhale losavuta kuthana nalo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwamphamvu kwapang'onopang'ono komanso kulandila kwamphamvu kwamphamvu kwa ogwiritsa ntchito. . Ma Wireless Access ndi Backhaul Application 6-8.
IPhone ya Apple (mothandizidwa ndi Qualcomm) mosakayikira ili ndi zida zabwino kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi zopanda zingwe ndi LTE, zothandizira magulu 16 a LTE pa chip chimodzi. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma SKU awiri okha ndi omwe ayenera kupangidwa kuti akwaniritse misika ya GSM ndi CDMA.
M'mapulogalamu amtundu wa duplex popanda kusokoneza kugawana, kudziletsa kudziletsa kumatha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito polola uplink ndi downlink kugawana zida zomwezo9,10. Njira zodziletsa zodziletsa zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga ma duplexer a FDD.
Kuchotsa komweko kumakhala ndi magawo angapo. Maukonde otsogolera pakati pa mlongoti ndi transceiver amapereka mulingo woyamba wolekanitsa pakati pa zidziwitso zopatsirana ndi zolandilidwa. Kachiwiri, ma analogi owonjezera ndi ma siginoloji a digito amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse phokoso lililonse lomwe latsala mu siginecha yolandiridwa. Gawo loyamba litha kugwiritsa ntchito mlongoti wosiyana (monga mu SAFE), chosinthira chosakanizidwa (chofotokozedwa pansipa);
Vuto la tinyanga zodzipatula lafotokozedwa kale. Zozungulira zimakhala zopapatiza chifukwa zimagwiritsa ntchito ferromagnetic resonance mu kristalo. Ukadaulo wosakanizidwawu, kapena Electrically Balanced Isolation (EBI), ndiukadaulo wolonjeza womwe utha kukhala burodi bandi komanso wophatikizidwa pa chip.
Monga momwe tawonera m'chithunzichi, mawonekedwe akutsogolo kwa tinyanga tating'onoting'ono amagwiritsa ntchito tinyanga tating'ono ting'onoting'ono, imodzi yotumiza ndi ina yolandirira, komanso zosefera zocheperako koma zosinthika. Tinyanga zapayekha sizimangopereka kudzipatula pang'ono pamtengo wa kutayika kwa kufalitsa pakati pawo, komanso zimakhala ndi malire (koma osinthika) bandwidth nthawi yomweyo.
Mlongoti wotumizira umagwira ntchito bwino mu bandi yotumiza pafupipafupi, ndipo mlongoti wolandila umagwira ntchito bwino mu gulu lolandila ma frequency. Pachifukwa ichi, mlongoti wokhawo umagwiranso ntchito ngati fyuluta: kutuluka kwa Tx kunja kwa gulu kumachepetsedwa ndi mlongoti wotumizira, ndipo kudzisokoneza mu gulu la Tx kumachepetsedwa ndi mlongoti wolandira.
Chifukwa chake, zomangamanga zimafunikira kuti mlongoti ukhale wosinthika, womwe umatheka pogwiritsa ntchito netiweki yosinthira antenna. Pali kutayika kosalephereka koyika mu netiweki yosinthira mlongoti. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwa ma capacitor a MEMS18 kwasintha kwambiri zida izi, potero zimachepetsa kutayika. Kutayika kwa kuyika kwa Rx kuli pafupifupi 3 dB, yomwe ikufanana ndi kutayika kwathunthu kwa SAW duplexer ndi switch.
Kudzipatula kokhazikitsidwa ndi mlongoti kumathandizidwa ndi fyuluta yosinthika, yomwe imatengeranso ma capacitor a MEM3, kuti akwaniritse kudzipatula kwa 25 dB kuchokera pa mlongoti ndi kudzipatula kwa 25 dB pa fyuluta. Ma prototypes awonetsa kuti izi zitha kukwaniritsidwa.
Magulu angapo ofufuza m'masukulu ndi m'mafakitale akufufuza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka ma hybrids a duplex printing11-16. Njirazi zimachotsa SI polola kufalitsa ndi kulandila nthawi imodzi kuchokera ku mlongoti umodzi, koma kupatula chopatsira ndi cholandila. Ndi ma Broadband m'chilengedwe ndipo amatha kukhazikitsidwa pa-chip, kuwapangitsa kukhala njira yosangalatsa yobwereza pafupipafupi pazida zam'manja.
Kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwa kwawonetsa kuti ma transceivers a FDD omwe amagwiritsa ntchito EBI amatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) ndi kutayika koyika, chithunzi chaphokoso, mzere wolandila, komanso kutsekereza mawonekedwe opondereza oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ma cellular11,12,13. Komabe, monga zitsanzo zambiri m'mabuku amaphunziro ndi asayansi zikuwonetsa, pali zoletsa zomwe zimakhudza kudzipatula kwapawiri.
Kulepheretsa kwa mlongoti wa wailesi sikunakhazikitsidwe, koma kumasiyanasiyana ndi maulendo ogwiritsira ntchito (chifukwa cha kumveka kwa mlongoti) ndi nthawi (chifukwa cha kuyanjana ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe). Izi zikutanthawuza kuti kusakanikirana kosakanikirana kuyenera kusinthika kuti zitsatire kusintha kwa impedance, ndipo bandwidth yochepetsera imakhala yochepa chifukwa cha kusintha kwafupipafupi domain13 (onani Chithunzi 1).
Ntchito yathu ku yunivesite ya Bristol imayang'ana kwambiri pakufufuza ndi kuthana ndi zolepheretsa izi kuti tiwonetse kuti kutumiza/kulandira kudzipatula komanso kutulutsa kumatha kutheka pazochitika zenizeni zapadziko lapansi.
Kuti mugonjetse kusinthasintha kwa mlongoti (komwe kumakhudza kwambiri kudzipatula), ma algorithm athu osinthika amatsata kusakhazikika kwa antenna munthawi yeniyeni, ndipo kuyesa kwawonetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito atha kusungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana osinthika, kuphatikiza kulumikizana ndi manja ndi ogwiritsa ntchito komanso msewu wothamanga kwambiri ndi njanji. kuyenda.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuti tigonjetse kufananiza kwa mlongoti wocheperako pafupipafupi, potero tikukulitsa bandwidth ndi kudzipatula kwathunthu, timaphatikiza duplexer yokhazikika yamagetsi ndi kupondereza kowonjezera kwa SI, pogwiritsa ntchito cholumikizira chachiwiri kuti apange chizindikiro chopondereza kuti apitilize kudziletsa. (onani Chithunzi 2).
Zotsatira za testbed yathu ndi zolimbikitsa: zikaphatikizidwa ndi EBD, ukadaulo wogwira ukhoza kupititsa patsogolo kufalitsa ndikulandira kudzipatula, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3.
Kukonzekera kwathu komaliza kwa labotale kumagwiritsa ntchito zida zotsika mtengo zam'manja (zokulitsa mphamvu za foni yam'manja ndi tinyanga), ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyimira kukhazikitsa mafoni. Kuwonjezera apo, miyeso yathu imasonyeza kuti mtundu uwu wa kukana kwa magawo awiri odziletsa ungapereke kudzipatula koyenera kwa duplex mu uplink ndi downlink frequency band, ngakhale pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zotsika mtengo, zamalonda.
Mphamvu ya siginecha yomwe chipangizo cham'manja chimalandira pamlingo wake waukulu uyenera kukhala maoda a 12 otsika kuposa mphamvu yamawu yomwe imatumiza. Mu Time Division Duplex (TDD), duplex circuit imangokhala chosinthira chomwe chimalumikiza mlongoti ku transmitter kapena wolandila, kotero duplexer mu TDD ndikusintha kosavuta. Mu FDD, transmitter ndi wolandila zimagwira ntchito nthawi imodzi, ndipo duplexer imagwiritsa ntchito zosefera kupatula wolandila ku siginecha yamphamvu ya transmitter.
Duplexer kumapeto kwa ma cell a FDD amapereka> ~ 50 dB kudzipatula mu uplink band kuti apewe kulemetsa wolandila ndi ma siginecha a Tx, ndi> ~ 50 dB kudzipatula mu bandi ya downlink kuteteza kufalikira kwa gulu. Kuchepetsa chidwi cholandila. Mu gulu la Rx, zotayika panjira zotumizira ndi kulandira ndizochepa.
Izi zotayika pang'ono, zofunikira zodzipatula, pomwe ma frequency amasiyanitsidwa ndi ochepa peresenti, amafuna kusefa kwapamwamba kwa Q, komwe mpaka pano kungatheke kokha pogwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe amtundu wamtundu (SAW) kapena zida za body acoustic wave (BAW).
Ngakhale kuti teknoloji ikupitirizabe kusinthika, ndi kupita patsogolo makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zipangizo zomwe zimafunikira, kugwiritsa ntchito magulu ambiri kumatanthauza fyuluta yosiyana ya chip duplex ya gulu lirilonse, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi A. Zosintha zonse ndi ma router zimawonjezeranso ntchito zina ndi zilango zantchito ndi kusinthanitsa.
Mafoni otsika mtengo padziko lonse lapansi malinga ndi ukadaulo wamakono ndi ovuta kupanga. Mapangidwe a wailesi adzakhala aakulu kwambiri, otayika komanso okwera mtengo. Opanga amayenera kupanga mitundu ingapo yamagulu ophatikizika osiyanasiyana amabandi ofunikira m'magawo osiyanasiyana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuyendayenda kwapadziko lonse kwa LTE kukhala kovuta. Zachuma zomwe zidapangitsa kuti GSM ilamulire zikukhala zovuta kukwaniritsa.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwa mafoni othamanga kwambiri kwapangitsa kuti ma network a 4G atumizidwe pama band 50 pafupipafupi, ndi magulu ochulukirapo omwe akubwera popeza 5G imatanthauziridwa mokwanira komanso yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Chifukwa chazovuta zamawonekedwe a RF, sizingatheke kuphimba zonsezi mu chipangizo chimodzi pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje apano a fyuluta, kotero mabwalo osinthika komanso osinthika a RF amafunikira.
Momwemo, njira yatsopano yothetsera vuto la duplex ndiyofunika, mwina kutengera zosefera zomwe zimatha kusintha kapena kudziletsa kudziletsa, kapena kuphatikiza zonse ziwiri.
Ngakhale kuti sitinakhale ndi njira imodzi yomwe imakwaniritsa zofunikira zambiri za mtengo, kukula, machitidwe ndi luso, mwinamwake zidutswa za puzzles zidzasonkhana pamodzi ndikukhala m'thumba mwanu zaka zingapo.
Tekinoloje monga EBD yokhala ndi kuponderezedwa kwa SI imatha kutsegulira mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito ma frequency omwewo mbali zonse ziwiri nthawi imodzi, zomwe zitha kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a spectral.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-24-2024